Sande is one of many secret societies found across coastal West Africa, but with a singular distinction: its membership is entirely female. Originating in Sierra Leone, the society has spread not only across the region’s normally well-observed ethnic boundaries but also across the political border into Liberia.

Although Sande’s specific practices remain largely secret, its helmet masks are both emblematic of membership and entirely public-facing. Characterized by large domed foreheads, small composed faces with downcast eyes, ringed necks, and elaborate coiffures, these masks embody cultural and societal ideals of feminine beauty. Many also incorporate symbols of authority or protection—amulets, animals, and tools that reference aspects of community life or moral allegory.